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Introduction
The Union of Myanmar is made up of 135 national races, of which the main national races are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. Population of the country is estimated at 52.4 million (July, 2003) and the population growth rate is 1.84 percent.
Kachin
Kachin state (1983 pop. 903,982), 33,903 sq mi (87,809 sq km), extreme N Myanmar. It is a mountainous region bounded on the NW by India and on the N and E by China and traversed by tributaries of the Ayeyarwady River. Myitkyina , the capital, and Bhamo are the chief towns. Rice and sugarcane are grown, jade and amber mined, and timber and bamboo cut. The state is sparsely populated; Jinghpaw-speaking Kachin's constitute the largest group. They maintain tribal forms of organization under chiefs, practice shifting cultivation, and are mostly animists or Christians. The territory was never subject to the Burman kings, and after the establishment of British rule it was governed directly, not as part of British Burma. The territory was invaded (1945-47) by the Chinese, but a border agreement was signed between Myanmar and China in 1960. Antigovernment insurgents, active in Kachin State since Myanmar achieved independence in 1948, signed a cease-fire agreement with the government in 1993.
Kayah
Kayah State is situated in eastern Myanmar and bounded on the north by Shan State, on the cast by Thailand and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between l8° 30' and 19° 55' north latitude and between 94°40' and 97° 93' east longitude. The area is 4,530 sq. miles. Being a section of eastern plateau, its bed-rocks are of igneous stratified and metamorphic types. Relating with those rocks, alabaster, tin, wolfram, shellac are found. Red earth is mostly found. There are fertile paddy lands in Lockjaw plains through which Balu stream flows. The highland area has the wet climate of mild-hot regions and the low-lying areas have the climate of Savanna and monsoon climate of the tropical regions. In winter, the average temperature of the highland areas is below 40°F (4.4°C) and that of the low lying areas is 62.6°F (17°C). In May, the hottest month, the average temperature is 77.4°F (25°C). The annual rainfall in low-lying areas is about 38.43 inches. The highland areas get more rain.
Kayin
Location: Located between latitudes 15° 45' north and 19° 25' north and longitudes 96° 10' east and 98° 28' east. Kayin State shares the border with Yamethin District, Shan State and Kayah State in the north, Toungoo, Thaton and Mawlamyine districts in the west, Ye Township in the south and Thailand in the east. The area of the State is 11,731 sq. miles. Kayin State has a hot and humid climate because of the mountain ranges that lie in its backdrop and its location, which is near the sea, in the tropics. The temperature of the hottest month in eastern mountain regions never falls below 71.9° F. Lowlands in the west and south of the state are located in the tropical monsoon climate. The lowest annual rainfall in the region is 120 inches and the highest is 190 inches. The regions get most of the rain in summer. Some of the rivers and creeks in Kayin State are flowing from south to north due to the location of mountains. The main rivers in the state are Thanlwin, Thaungyin and Attaran rivers.
Chin
Chin State is located in the west of Myanmar Naing-Ngan It lies between North Latitude 21 ° 0' and 24° 15' and East Longitude between 93 ° 15' and 94°0'. India is to its north and west; Rakhine State, to its south; Sagaing and Magway Division are to its cast. It has an area of 13.907 sq. miles.
Chin State has a mild hot, wet climate. April and May are the hottest months of the year. Average temperatures of the months range from 60°F (15.5 Degrees Centigrade) to 70°F (21 Degrees Centigrade). Average temperature in the cold season is below 40°F (4.4 Degrees Centigrade). In the cold season, temperatures fall as low as freezing point of water in the higher parts of towns like Haka, Foshaik and Kanpetlet.
Mon
Bordering Bago Division in the south of Sittaung River Mouth, Kayin State in the east, Thailand and Taninthayi Division in the south and Andaman Sea and Gulf of Mottama in the West, Mon state is situated between latitudes 14°52' north and 17°32' north and east longitudes 96° 51 ` east and 98° 13' east. The area is 4,747.8 sq. miles. Mon State has a tropical climate. It has a temperate weather as it is located in the low latitude zone and near the sea. The state has only slight changes in temperature. The average temperature of Mawlamyine in January is 78° F (25.6°C) and in April is 85°C (29.4°C). Annual rainfall in Mawlamyine is 190 inches and in Thaton is 217 inches. Especially, rain is much heavy in July and August.
Bamar
Bamar nationality is living around the country mainly in Delta and mainland of the country.
Rakhine
Rakhine State is situated in the westernmost part of the nation. Bordering Chin State in the north and Magway Division, Bago Division and Ayeyawady Division in the east and facing Bay of Bengal in the west, it is located between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and east longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The area of the State is 14,200 sq. miles. Rakhine State is located in tropical monsoon region. Temperatures never rise or fall extremely as it is a coastal region. The average temperature of Sittway in May the hottest month of the year, is 84'F(29'C) and in January, the coldest month of the year, is 70'F(21'C). Rakhine State gets a lot of rain annually as the north-west monsoon winds blow from the sea almost right angle to the Yoma. Rakhine State gets rain from storms that formed in the Bay of Bengal. Annual rainfall at Thandwe is 221 inches, Kyaukpyu 186 inches and Sittway 203 inches. Torrential rains fall and tidal waves rise from the sea when cyclones that are formed in the Bay of Bengal enter Rakhine State, causing property damages and flooding of salt water in low land areas. Though the storms appear mostly in early and later periods of rainy season, they sometimes appear in the mid rainy season.
Shan
Shan State, lying in the eastern sector of the country is situated between latitude 19° 00' and 22° 15' north and 96° 26' and 98° 4 7' east longitudes. It is bordered by Kachin State on the North, the People's Republic of China on the North and East, the Lao People's Democratic Republic on the East, Thailand and Kayah and Kayin States on the South and Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions on the West. Its total land area is 60,155 sq. miles. Of the states in the country, Shan State is the biggest with the largest population. According to the latitude location except the northern sector, other sectors of the Shan State have a tropical climate with low temperature as they are hill regions. In the coldest months of December and January, the average temperature of the region is 70°F (21°C) to 80°F (26°C). The highest temperature in Konglung, Lashio, Hsipaw and Nyaungshwe towns in low valleys, is 100°F (37°C) at daylight. Rainfalls are over 60 inches at the hill and over 40 inches in the valleys. Not only South-west Monsoon brings rainfalls into the state but also waves of whirlwind from South China Sea produces rainfalls in late monsoon.
Padaung
Padaung is one of the most well-known ethnic groups of Myanmar. Most of them live in southern Shan and Kayah States. In the early 1900s, there were as many as 150,000 members of Padaung tribe in Myanmar, however there isn't as many as this today. Padaung women are well-known by their foot-long necks decorated with silver or brass rings.
PaO
The northeast region of Myanmar is home to a number of national groups of the country. Pa-O and others with its own culture and language, but all living side by side in harmony. Next to the Inthas, the Pa-Os constitute the second largest group in the Inn lay.
The Union of Myanmar is made up of 135 national races, of which the main national races are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. Population of the country is estimated at 52.4 million (July, 2003) and the population growth rate is 1.84 percent.
Kachin
Kachin state (1983 pop. 903,982), 33,903 sq mi (87,809 sq km), extreme N Myanmar. It is a mountainous region bounded on the NW by India and on the N and E by China and traversed by tributaries of the Ayeyarwady River. Myitkyina , the capital, and Bhamo are the chief towns. Rice and sugarcane are grown, jade and amber mined, and timber and bamboo cut. The state is sparsely populated; Jinghpaw-speaking Kachin's constitute the largest group. They maintain tribal forms of organization under chiefs, practice shifting cultivation, and are mostly animists or Christians. The territory was never subject to the Burman kings, and after the establishment of British rule it was governed directly, not as part of British Burma. The territory was invaded (1945-47) by the Chinese, but a border agreement was signed between Myanmar and China in 1960. Antigovernment insurgents, active in Kachin State since Myanmar achieved independence in 1948, signed a cease-fire agreement with the government in 1993.
Kayah
Kayah State is situated in eastern Myanmar and bounded on the north by Shan State, on the cast by Thailand and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between l8° 30' and 19° 55' north latitude and between 94°40' and 97° 93' east longitude. The area is 4,530 sq. miles. Being a section of eastern plateau, its bed-rocks are of igneous stratified and metamorphic types. Relating with those rocks, alabaster, tin, wolfram, shellac are found. Red earth is mostly found. There are fertile paddy lands in Lockjaw plains through which Balu stream flows. The highland area has the wet climate of mild-hot regions and the low-lying areas have the climate of Savanna and monsoon climate of the tropical regions. In winter, the average temperature of the highland areas is below 40°F (4.4°C) and that of the low lying areas is 62.6°F (17°C). In May, the hottest month, the average temperature is 77.4°F (25°C). The annual rainfall in low-lying areas is about 38.43 inches. The highland areas get more rain.
Kayin
Location: Located between latitudes 15° 45' north and 19° 25' north and longitudes 96° 10' east and 98° 28' east. Kayin State shares the border with Yamethin District, Shan State and Kayah State in the north, Toungoo, Thaton and Mawlamyine districts in the west, Ye Township in the south and Thailand in the east. The area of the State is 11,731 sq. miles. Kayin State has a hot and humid climate because of the mountain ranges that lie in its backdrop and its location, which is near the sea, in the tropics. The temperature of the hottest month in eastern mountain regions never falls below 71.9° F. Lowlands in the west and south of the state are located in the tropical monsoon climate. The lowest annual rainfall in the region is 120 inches and the highest is 190 inches. The regions get most of the rain in summer. Some of the rivers and creeks in Kayin State are flowing from south to north due to the location of mountains. The main rivers in the state are Thanlwin, Thaungyin and Attaran rivers.
Chin
Chin State is located in the west of Myanmar Naing-Ngan It lies between North Latitude 21 ° 0' and 24° 15' and East Longitude between 93 ° 15' and 94°0'. India is to its north and west; Rakhine State, to its south; Sagaing and Magway Division are to its cast. It has an area of 13.907 sq. miles.
Chin State has a mild hot, wet climate. April and May are the hottest months of the year. Average temperatures of the months range from 60°F (15.5 Degrees Centigrade) to 70°F (21 Degrees Centigrade). Average temperature in the cold season is below 40°F (4.4 Degrees Centigrade). In the cold season, temperatures fall as low as freezing point of water in the higher parts of towns like Haka, Foshaik and Kanpetlet.
Mon
Bordering Bago Division in the south of Sittaung River Mouth, Kayin State in the east, Thailand and Taninthayi Division in the south and Andaman Sea and Gulf of Mottama in the West, Mon state is situated between latitudes 14°52' north and 17°32' north and east longitudes 96° 51 ` east and 98° 13' east. The area is 4,747.8 sq. miles. Mon State has a tropical climate. It has a temperate weather as it is located in the low latitude zone and near the sea. The state has only slight changes in temperature. The average temperature of Mawlamyine in January is 78° F (25.6°C) and in April is 85°C (29.4°C). Annual rainfall in Mawlamyine is 190 inches and in Thaton is 217 inches. Especially, rain is much heavy in July and August.
Bamar
Bamar nationality is living around the country mainly in Delta and mainland of the country.
Rakhine
Rakhine State is situated in the westernmost part of the nation. Bordering Chin State in the north and Magway Division, Bago Division and Ayeyawady Division in the east and facing Bay of Bengal in the west, it is located between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and east longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The area of the State is 14,200 sq. miles. Rakhine State is located in tropical monsoon region. Temperatures never rise or fall extremely as it is a coastal region. The average temperature of Sittway in May the hottest month of the year, is 84'F(29'C) and in January, the coldest month of the year, is 70'F(21'C). Rakhine State gets a lot of rain annually as the north-west monsoon winds blow from the sea almost right angle to the Yoma. Rakhine State gets rain from storms that formed in the Bay of Bengal. Annual rainfall at Thandwe is 221 inches, Kyaukpyu 186 inches and Sittway 203 inches. Torrential rains fall and tidal waves rise from the sea when cyclones that are formed in the Bay of Bengal enter Rakhine State, causing property damages and flooding of salt water in low land areas. Though the storms appear mostly in early and later periods of rainy season, they sometimes appear in the mid rainy season.
Shan
Shan State, lying in the eastern sector of the country is situated between latitude 19° 00' and 22° 15' north and 96° 26' and 98° 4 7' east longitudes. It is bordered by Kachin State on the North, the People's Republic of China on the North and East, the Lao People's Democratic Republic on the East, Thailand and Kayah and Kayin States on the South and Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions on the West. Its total land area is 60,155 sq. miles. Of the states in the country, Shan State is the biggest with the largest population. According to the latitude location except the northern sector, other sectors of the Shan State have a tropical climate with low temperature as they are hill regions. In the coldest months of December and January, the average temperature of the region is 70°F (21°C) to 80°F (26°C). The highest temperature in Konglung, Lashio, Hsipaw and Nyaungshwe towns in low valleys, is 100°F (37°C) at daylight. Rainfalls are over 60 inches at the hill and over 40 inches in the valleys. Not only South-west Monsoon brings rainfalls into the state but also waves of whirlwind from South China Sea produces rainfalls in late monsoon.
Padaung
Padaung is one of the most well-known ethnic groups of Myanmar. Most of them live in southern Shan and Kayah States. In the early 1900s, there were as many as 150,000 members of Padaung tribe in Myanmar, however there isn't as many as this today. Padaung women are well-known by their foot-long necks decorated with silver or brass rings.
PaO
The northeast region of Myanmar is home to a number of national groups of the country. Pa-O and others with its own culture and language, but all living side by side in harmony. Next to the Inthas, the Pa-Os constitute the second largest group in the Inn lay.
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